![]() ![]() Warburg articulated his hypothesis in a paper entitled The Prime Cause and Prevention of Cancer which he presented in lecture at the meeting of the Nobel-Laureates on Jat Lindau, Lake Constance, Germany. Therefore, the metabolic change observed by Warburg is not so much the cause of cancer, as he claimed, but rather, it is one of the characteristic effects of cancer-causing mutations. The metabolic difference observed by Warburg adapts cancer cells to the hypoxic (oxygen-deficient) conditions inside solid tumors, and results largely from the same mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that cause the other abnormal characteristics of cancer cells. In the somatic mutation theory of cancer, malignant proliferation is caused by mutations and altered gene expression, in a process called malignant transformation, resulting in an uncontrolled growth of cells. Warburg regarded the fundamental difference between normal and cancerous cells to be the ratio of glycolysis to respiration this observation is also known as the Warburg effect. Hence, according to Warburg, carcinogenesis stems from the lowering of mitochondrial respiration. ![]() Pyruvate is an end-product of glycolysis, and is oxidized within the mitochondria. This is in contrast to healthy cells which mainly generate energy from oxidative breakdown of pyruvate. He hypothesized that cancer, malignant growth, and tumor growth are caused by the fact that tumor cells mainly generate energy (as e.g., adenosine triphosphate / ATP) by non-oxidative breakdown of glucose (a process called glycolysis). The hypothesis was postulated by the Nobel laureate Otto Heinrich Warburg in 1924. The current popular opinion is that cancer cells ferment glucose while keeping up the same level of respiration that was present before the process of carcinogenesis, and thus the Warburg effect would be defined as the observation that cancer cells exhibit glycolysis with lactate production and mitochondrial respiration even in the presence of oxygen. The Warburg hypothesis was that the Warburg effect was the root cause of cancer. In other words, instead of fully respiring in the presence of adequate oxygen, cancer cells ferment. The term Warburg effect in oncology describes the observation that cancer cells, and many cells grown in vitro, exhibit glucose fermentation even when enough oxygen is present to properly respire. The Warburg hypothesis ( / ˈ v ɑːr b ʊər ɡ/), sometimes known as the Warburg theory of cancer, postulates that the driver of tumorigenesis is an insufficient cellular respiration caused by insult to mitochondria. Scientist Otto Warburg, whose research activities led to the formulation of the Warburg hypothesis for explaining the root cause of cancer. ![]()
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